The Acon-Cagua is the highest mountain outside of Asia, at 6961m/22,838ft above sea level, and by extension the highest point in the Western Hemisphere and the Souther Hemisphere.
It is located in the Andes Mountain Range, in the Mendoza Province, Argentina, about 15 km from the international border with Chile. The Mountain has a number of glaciers, the largest is about 10 km long, which descends from the South face to about 3600m altitude. Two other glacier systems are about 5 km long. The most well-known is the North-Eastern, as it is a common route of ascent.
The Acon-Cagua was created by the sub-duction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate during the geological recent deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle); but it is not a Volcano.
The name comes from either the Mapuche 'Acon-Hue', meaning 'The River that comes from the other side"; or Quechua 'Ac-Kon Cahuac', meaning "Sentinel of Stone,"or 'Anco-Cahuac' meaning "White Sentinel"; or the Aymara 'Janq'U Q'awa, meaning "White Ravine," or "White Brook."
In mountaineering terms Acon-Cagua is an easy Mountain if approached from the North, via the normal route. It is the highest "non-technical" mountain in the World, since the Northern Route does nor require ropes, axes and pins. It is easy to climb. Although the effects of altitude are severe (atmospheric pressure is 40% of sea-level at the summit), the use of supplemental oxygen is not common.
Altitude sickness affect most climbers to some extent, depending on the degree of acclimatization. Even if normal climb is technically easy, multiple casualties occur every year on the Acon-Cahua. In January 2009 alone 5 climbers died. This is due to the underestimation that large numbers of climbers who make the attempt does about the objective risks of the elevation and of cold weather, which is the real challenge on this mountain. Given the weather conditions close to the summit, injuries because of it are very common.
Friday, March 18, 2016
Tuesday, March 15, 2016
THE ILL-IMANI MOUNTAIN.
The Ill-Imani (Aymara) is the 2nd highest peak (6,460m/21,200ft)on the Bolivian Andes, after Nevado Sajama, and the 18th highest peak in South America, towering on the SouthEastern skyline from La Paz, Bolivia's capital.
The Ill-Imani is the highest Peak in the Cordillera Real (part of the Cordillera Oriental, a subrange of the Andes) of Western Bolivia. It lies near the cities of El Alto, 2nd-largest city (974,754 inhabitants) and the highest major metropolis in the World, with an average elevation of 4,150m/13,615ft; and La Paz (Chuqui Yapu in Aymara), Bolivia's 3rd most populous city, after El Alto and Santa Cruz, the seat of the country's government and capital of La Paz Department, at an elevation of roughly 3,650m / 11,975ft above sea level. Ill-Imani is quite visible from the cities of El Alto and La Paz, and is their major landmark.
The Cordillera Real is located SouthEast of Lake Titicaca, and East of the Bolivian capital of La Paz in the South American. This Range of fold mountains were formed by orogeny forces responsible for large structural deformation on the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle due to the interaction between tectonic plates. It measures 125 km in length and 20 km in width. Despite the fact that it is only 17 degrees South of the Equator, the Cordillera Real is relatively densely glaciated. This is due to its proximity to the Amazon Lowlands with its associated moist air masses.
Geologically, the bulk of the Cordillera Real is largely composed of granite. Granite is a type of igneous rock granular grain size in texture always massive, lacking any internal structures, hard, tough, and therefore used as a construction stone.
The Cordillera Oriental are parallel Mountain Ranges of the Bolivian Andes placed on the Eastern and North Eastern margin of the Andes. Large parts of the Cordillera are forested and humid areas rich in agricultural and livestock products.
Geologically the Cordillera Oriental is formed by the Central Andean fold and thrust belt, that is a series of Mountainous foothills adjacent to an orogenic belt, which forms due to contractional tectonics.
The Ill-Imani's 150-foot summit crest sends glaciers sprawling down its flanks on all sides. The snow line lies about 4,570m/15,000ft above sea level, and glaciers are found on the Northern face at 4,983m/16,350ft. The Mountain has 4 main peaks; the highest is the South summit, Nevado Ill-Imani, which is a popular ascent for locals and international mountain climbers.
Ill-Imani was first attempted by an European climber in 1877. The French-Austrian explorer Charles Wiener tried to reach the main summit but failed and only did reach a SouthEastern sub-summit on 19 May 1877. Wiener named it the "Pic de Paris," and left a French flag on top of it. In 1898, British climber William Martin Conway and 2 Swiss guides, Maquignaz and Pellissier, made the ascent of the peak, again from the SouthEast. They found a piece of Aymara rope at over 6,000m/20,000ft. proving that the ascent to the peak was already achieved by the Aymara people of the region as an everyday task.
The Ill-Imani is the highest Peak in the Cordillera Real (part of the Cordillera Oriental, a subrange of the Andes) of Western Bolivia. It lies near the cities of El Alto, 2nd-largest city (974,754 inhabitants) and the highest major metropolis in the World, with an average elevation of 4,150m/13,615ft; and La Paz (Chuqui Yapu in Aymara), Bolivia's 3rd most populous city, after El Alto and Santa Cruz, the seat of the country's government and capital of La Paz Department, at an elevation of roughly 3,650m / 11,975ft above sea level. Ill-Imani is quite visible from the cities of El Alto and La Paz, and is their major landmark.
The Cordillera Real is located SouthEast of Lake Titicaca, and East of the Bolivian capital of La Paz in the South American. This Range of fold mountains were formed by orogeny forces responsible for large structural deformation on the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle due to the interaction between tectonic plates. It measures 125 km in length and 20 km in width. Despite the fact that it is only 17 degrees South of the Equator, the Cordillera Real is relatively densely glaciated. This is due to its proximity to the Amazon Lowlands with its associated moist air masses.
Geologically, the bulk of the Cordillera Real is largely composed of granite. Granite is a type of igneous rock granular grain size in texture always massive, lacking any internal structures, hard, tough, and therefore used as a construction stone.
The Cordillera Oriental are parallel Mountain Ranges of the Bolivian Andes placed on the Eastern and North Eastern margin of the Andes. Large parts of the Cordillera are forested and humid areas rich in agricultural and livestock products.
Geologically the Cordillera Oriental is formed by the Central Andean fold and thrust belt, that is a series of Mountainous foothills adjacent to an orogenic belt, which forms due to contractional tectonics.
The Ill-Imani's 150-foot summit crest sends glaciers sprawling down its flanks on all sides. The snow line lies about 4,570m/15,000ft above sea level, and glaciers are found on the Northern face at 4,983m/16,350ft. The Mountain has 4 main peaks; the highest is the South summit, Nevado Ill-Imani, which is a popular ascent for locals and international mountain climbers.
Ill-Imani was first attempted by an European climber in 1877. The French-Austrian explorer Charles Wiener tried to reach the main summit but failed and only did reach a SouthEastern sub-summit on 19 May 1877. Wiener named it the "Pic de Paris," and left a French flag on top of it. In 1898, British climber William Martin Conway and 2 Swiss guides, Maquignaz and Pellissier, made the ascent of the peak, again from the SouthEast. They found a piece of Aymara rope at over 6,000m/20,000ft. proving that the ascent to the peak was already achieved by the Aymara people of the region as an everyday task.
Monday, March 14, 2016
MARCA-HUAMA-CHUCO
Marca-Huama-Chuco is an archaeological site of Pre-Inca Ruins in the Northern Peruvian Highlands of La Libertad Region of Peru. The site's location was until recently a difficult place to gain access. Today a new road make it accessible on 3 1/2 hours ride from the city of Trujillo, the 3rd largest on the country's Pacific Coast, and location of many Moche heritage sites.
The place was set atop of the nexus of 3 Mountain Valleys at an altitude of more than 3,200m/10,000ft.
It is considered significant because the site encompasses more than 3 km of land, with massive castles and unique circular doubled-walled structures. The domestic residences were multi-storied galleries which originally housed numerous individual families.
It was built defensively on top of the isolated mesa that is 5 kilometers long and 500 meters wide, with a vast view of the surroundings. The complex contains several major compounds. These were surrounded by curved stone walls as high as 12 meters.
It is believed that it was an oracle center and used for religious ceremonies because of the remains of inner galleries, rooms and plazas. In the later stages of the culture, it was used as a burial site for the chosen ones because the human burials were found within the walls.
Latest investigations of the site suggested that the occupation may have been seasonal, with a maximum population of 6,000. Their estinmate is based upon the quantity of arable land and water availability.
The construction apparently began around 400 CE and continued until approximately 800 CE. Before being conquered by the Incas, Marca-Huama-Chuco was known as Northern Peru's most important religious, military, political, and economic center.
One of the earliest sketch maps on Marca-Huama-Chuco comes from the 18th century document prepared by Bishop Baltazar Jaime Martinez Companon. Early descriptions from the late 19th century were done by Europeans hunters of gold and silver mines.
Charles Wiener (1851-1913) was an Austrian-French "explorer," best known as the one who travelled extensively in Peru, climbed the I-Lli-Mani and came close to "re-discovering" Machu-Pichu. He published in 1880 the first topographical description of Marca-Huama-Chuco and named its principal compounds. Wiener travelled in Peru in 1875 and was told in Ollanta-y-Tambo about certain ruins, including those at Huayna-Picchu and Machu Picchu, but he was unable to reach them during his visit. He travelled from Ollanta-y-Tambo up over the Panti-Calla Pass until he arrived at the Ur-u-Bamba River at the bridge crossing of Chuqui-Chaca. Consequently, Wiener's own account of his travels were published in 1880 in a book that Wiener wrote named "Peru and Bolivia" (Paris, 1880), containing the description of how locals in Ollanta-y-Tambo had told him about the ancient Inca Towns. He made a detailed map of the urubamba Valley, on which he included 2 peaks and marked them with the names Matcho-Picchu and Huayna-Picchu. The book also contained a map of the Valley of Santa Ana, incorrectly placing Huayna-Picchu south of Matcho-Picchu on the East side of the Ur-u-Bamba.
The map then was published in Paris by the Societe de Geographie in 1877, 3 years before the publication of Wiener's Book.
Hiram Bing-Ham (the ultimate "re-discoverer of Machu-Picchu) was very familiar with Wiener's book.
When a Cuzqueno told Bing-Ham that he had seen "ruins finer than Choque-Quirau" at a place called Huayna-Picchu, Bing-Ham knew what he was talking about because it resembled Wiener's account.
Wiener is mentioned in Mario Vargas Llosa's novel "The Storyteller" as the French-Man who in 1880 came across "2 Machi-Guenga corpses, ritually abandoned in the River," which the French-Man decapitated and added the heads to his collection of curiosities collected in the Peruvian Jungle.
The place was set atop of the nexus of 3 Mountain Valleys at an altitude of more than 3,200m/10,000ft.
It is considered significant because the site encompasses more than 3 km of land, with massive castles and unique circular doubled-walled structures. The domestic residences were multi-storied galleries which originally housed numerous individual families.
It was built defensively on top of the isolated mesa that is 5 kilometers long and 500 meters wide, with a vast view of the surroundings. The complex contains several major compounds. These were surrounded by curved stone walls as high as 12 meters.
It is believed that it was an oracle center and used for religious ceremonies because of the remains of inner galleries, rooms and plazas. In the later stages of the culture, it was used as a burial site for the chosen ones because the human burials were found within the walls.
Latest investigations of the site suggested that the occupation may have been seasonal, with a maximum population of 6,000. Their estinmate is based upon the quantity of arable land and water availability.
The construction apparently began around 400 CE and continued until approximately 800 CE. Before being conquered by the Incas, Marca-Huama-Chuco was known as Northern Peru's most important religious, military, political, and economic center.
One of the earliest sketch maps on Marca-Huama-Chuco comes from the 18th century document prepared by Bishop Baltazar Jaime Martinez Companon. Early descriptions from the late 19th century were done by Europeans hunters of gold and silver mines.
Charles Wiener (1851-1913) was an Austrian-French "explorer," best known as the one who travelled extensively in Peru, climbed the I-Lli-Mani and came close to "re-discovering" Machu-Pichu. He published in 1880 the first topographical description of Marca-Huama-Chuco and named its principal compounds. Wiener travelled in Peru in 1875 and was told in Ollanta-y-Tambo about certain ruins, including those at Huayna-Picchu and Machu Picchu, but he was unable to reach them during his visit. He travelled from Ollanta-y-Tambo up over the Panti-Calla Pass until he arrived at the Ur-u-Bamba River at the bridge crossing of Chuqui-Chaca. Consequently, Wiener's own account of his travels were published in 1880 in a book that Wiener wrote named "Peru and Bolivia" (Paris, 1880), containing the description of how locals in Ollanta-y-Tambo had told him about the ancient Inca Towns. He made a detailed map of the urubamba Valley, on which he included 2 peaks and marked them with the names Matcho-Picchu and Huayna-Picchu. The book also contained a map of the Valley of Santa Ana, incorrectly placing Huayna-Picchu south of Matcho-Picchu on the East side of the Ur-u-Bamba.
The map then was published in Paris by the Societe de Geographie in 1877, 3 years before the publication of Wiener's Book.
Hiram Bing-Ham (the ultimate "re-discoverer of Machu-Picchu) was very familiar with Wiener's book.
When a Cuzqueno told Bing-Ham that he had seen "ruins finer than Choque-Quirau" at a place called Huayna-Picchu, Bing-Ham knew what he was talking about because it resembled Wiener's account.
Wiener is mentioned in Mario Vargas Llosa's novel "The Storyteller" as the French-Man who in 1880 came across "2 Machi-Guenga corpses, ritually abandoned in the River," which the French-Man decapitated and added the heads to his collection of curiosities collected in the Peruvian Jungle.
Thursday, March 3, 2016
CERRO DE PASCO, PERU
Cerro de Pasco is a city in Central Peru, located at the top of the Andean Mountains. It is the city capital of the Pasco Region. The Region is divided into 3 provinces, which subdivide into 28 districts. They are: Daniel Alcides Carrion (capital: Yana-Huanca); Oxa-Pampa (capital: Oxa-Pampa); Pasco (capital: Cerro de Pasco).
Cerro de Pasco, at 4,330 m/14,210ft elevation, it is one of the highest cities in the World, and the highest or 2nd highest city with over 50,000 inhabitants. The highest point of human habitat in the region is reached up at Yana-Cancha area at 4,380 m above the sea level.
At that elevation the region has an Alpine Climate. The average temperature of the warmest month is lower than 10*C (50*F), and the average annual temperature id 5.5*C, and the average annual rainfall is 999 mm. It has humid summers, dry winters and chilly to cold temperatures throughout the year. Snowfalls can occur sometimes.
Cerro de Pasco is connected by road and by rail to the capital city of Peru, Lima, as far as 300 km.
Cerro de Pasco became one of the World's richest silver producing areas as far back as the 17th century, and still is an active mining center.
The production of those silver mines were the chief source of wealth for William Randolph Hearst (April 29, 1863 - August 14, 1951) and his family. He was born in San Francisco, to millionaire mining engineer, gold-mine owner and U.S. senator (1886-91) George Hearst and his wife Phoebe Apperson Hearst. Both parents were of Scots-Irish origin. She became the 1st woman regent of the University of California, Berkeley and "funded many anthropological expeditions." William was enrolled in the harvard College class of 1885. While there he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, one of the oldest North American fraternities with now holds 54 active chapters across the USA and Canada; the A.D. Club (a Harvard Final Club), a strictly secret society; the Hasty Pudding Theatricals, known for its burlesque cross-dressing musicals; and of the Harvard Lampoon, an undergraduate humor publication; before being expelled for antics ranging from sponsoring massive beer parties in Harvard Square to sending pudding pots to his professors (their images were depicted within the bowls).
Searching for occupation, in 1887 William took over management of a newspaer, the San Francisco Examiner, which his father received in 1880 as re-payment for a gambling debt. Giving his paper a grand motto, "Monarch of the Dai-Lies," he acquired the best equipment and the most talented writers of the time, including Ambrose Bierce, Mark Twain, Jack London, and a political cartoonist Homer Daven-Port. A self-proclaimed populist, William went on to publish stories of municipal and "financial corruption," often attacking companies in which his own family "held an interest." Within few years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market. Then he envisioned running a large newspaper chain, and he knew that his dream was impossible without a triumph in New York. In 1895, with the financial support of his mother, he bought the failing New York Morning Journal. He imported his best managers from the San Francisco Examiner and quickly established himself as the most attractive employer among New York newspapers. He was "generous," paid more than the competitors, gave credit to his writers and was unfailing polite, unassuming, "impeccably calm," and indulgent of "prima donnas, eccentrics, bohemians, drunks, or reprobates so long as they had useful talents. With them he built the nation's largest newspaper chain with the help of sensationalized stories of dubious veracity. He exercised enormous political influence, and was famously blamed for pushing public opinion leading the United States into a War with Spain in 1898. he was twice elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives. His life story was the main inspiration for the development of the lead character in Orson Welles's film "Citizen Kane."
Cerro de Pasco, at 4,330 m/14,210ft elevation, it is one of the highest cities in the World, and the highest or 2nd highest city with over 50,000 inhabitants. The highest point of human habitat in the region is reached up at Yana-Cancha area at 4,380 m above the sea level.
At that elevation the region has an Alpine Climate. The average temperature of the warmest month is lower than 10*C (50*F), and the average annual temperature id 5.5*C, and the average annual rainfall is 999 mm. It has humid summers, dry winters and chilly to cold temperatures throughout the year. Snowfalls can occur sometimes.
Cerro de Pasco is connected by road and by rail to the capital city of Peru, Lima, as far as 300 km.
Cerro de Pasco became one of the World's richest silver producing areas as far back as the 17th century, and still is an active mining center.
The production of those silver mines were the chief source of wealth for William Randolph Hearst (April 29, 1863 - August 14, 1951) and his family. He was born in San Francisco, to millionaire mining engineer, gold-mine owner and U.S. senator (1886-91) George Hearst and his wife Phoebe Apperson Hearst. Both parents were of Scots-Irish origin. She became the 1st woman regent of the University of California, Berkeley and "funded many anthropological expeditions." William was enrolled in the harvard College class of 1885. While there he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, one of the oldest North American fraternities with now holds 54 active chapters across the USA and Canada; the A.D. Club (a Harvard Final Club), a strictly secret society; the Hasty Pudding Theatricals, known for its burlesque cross-dressing musicals; and of the Harvard Lampoon, an undergraduate humor publication; before being expelled for antics ranging from sponsoring massive beer parties in Harvard Square to sending pudding pots to his professors (their images were depicted within the bowls).
Searching for occupation, in 1887 William took over management of a newspaer, the San Francisco Examiner, which his father received in 1880 as re-payment for a gambling debt. Giving his paper a grand motto, "Monarch of the Dai-Lies," he acquired the best equipment and the most talented writers of the time, including Ambrose Bierce, Mark Twain, Jack London, and a political cartoonist Homer Daven-Port. A self-proclaimed populist, William went on to publish stories of municipal and "financial corruption," often attacking companies in which his own family "held an interest." Within few years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market. Then he envisioned running a large newspaper chain, and he knew that his dream was impossible without a triumph in New York. In 1895, with the financial support of his mother, he bought the failing New York Morning Journal. He imported his best managers from the San Francisco Examiner and quickly established himself as the most attractive employer among New York newspapers. He was "generous," paid more than the competitors, gave credit to his writers and was unfailing polite, unassuming, "impeccably calm," and indulgent of "prima donnas, eccentrics, bohemians, drunks, or reprobates so long as they had useful talents. With them he built the nation's largest newspaper chain with the help of sensationalized stories of dubious veracity. He exercised enormous political influence, and was famously blamed for pushing public opinion leading the United States into a War with Spain in 1898. he was twice elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives. His life story was the main inspiration for the development of the lead character in Orson Welles's film "Citizen Kane."
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)